Beta-blockers (Ocular route only) (versus unexposed) - Medication and Pregnancy KB

Beta-blockers (Ocular route only) (versus unexposed)

Exposed non-exposed studies (cohort)

Study	Country Study period	Population source	Exposure definition	Non-exposure definition	Sample size	Rmk
Hashimoto - Beta-blockers, 2021	Japan 2005 - 2018	Live births in women who had been diagnosed with glaucoma (ICD-10 codes, H40 and H42) during the period between 6 months prior to the last menstrual period and the end of the first trimester.	Live births in women who had glaucoma and at least one dispensation of only beta-blockers (as a intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering medication) during the first trimester of pregnancy.	unexposed, sick Live births in women who had glaucoma and no dispensation of intraocular pressure–lowering medications.	31 / 735
Ho - Beta-blockers, 2009	Taiwan 2001 - 2003	All mothers having singleton births during the study period, in Taiwan.	Mothers that had been prescribed topical ophthalmic antiglaucoma Beta-blockers during pregnancy.	unexposed, disease free Mothers with no history of chronic disease randomly selected from the remaining mothers and matched eight for every one in the study cohort).	189 / 1952	Exclusion of pregnancies who had been prescribed more than one category of topical ophthalmic medication.
Kaufman - Beta-blockers, 2024	India, Saudi Arabia, USA 2021 - 2022	Female patients aged 18–45 years who were previously pregnant with a diagnosis of glaucoma or ocular hypertension prior to pregnancy.	Pregnant patient a diagnosis of glaucoma or ocular hypertension that use a beta-blocker (BB) as a topical glaucoma agent at any point during pregnancy.	unexposed, sick Pregnant patient a diagnosis of glaucoma or ocular hypertension that did not use a topical glaucoma agent at any point during pregnancy.	55 / 20	No pregnancies used systemic glaucoma medications.
Pellegrino - Timolol, 2018	Italy 2003 - 2015	Pregnant women referred to the Teratology Information Service for a counseling about the safety of performed therapies.	Pregnant women with glaucoma and treated with topical Timolol monotherapy during the first trimester.	unexposed, disease free Healthy pregnant women with normal singleton pregnancies without significant exposure to any medications considered unsafe.	27 / 187	Twenty-seven women used timolol as monotherapy, one drop (0,2 mg) one time daily and 48 as part of multidrug therapy in association with prostaglandins analogues or carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (dorzolamide, brinzolamide) one drop one time daily.

Case-control studies (cohort)

Study	Country Study period	Case	Control	Sample size	Rmk

Warning! There are no case-control studies available for this drug.

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