Beta-blockers (Ocular route only) (versus unexposed)

Study	Type of data	Exposure measurement	Outcome assessment	Adjustment
Hashimoto - Beta-blockers, 2021	retrospective cohort (claims database)	The JMDC Claims Database that collected health insurance claim data and covered both clinic visits (outpatients) and hospital admissions (inpatients), including the codes and dates of drug names dispensed (codes are based on the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System (ATC).	The JMDC Claims Database that collected health insurance claim data and covered both clinic visits (outpatients) and hospital admissions (inpatients), including the codes and dates of diagnoses (codes are based on International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10)).	Propensity score (PS) adjustment analysis for maternal age; hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, gestational diabetes, multiple pregnancy and other chronic comorbidities (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, thyroid disorders, anaemia, dyslipidaemia, ... and dependence on alcohol, tobacco or drugs). Exclusion of women exposed to known teratogens during the first trimester.
Ho - Beta-blockers, 2009	retrospective cohort (claims database)	The National Health Insurance Research Dataset (NHIRD), which includes inpatient and ambulatory care claims for over 22 million Taiwanese enrollees, representing over 98% of the island’s population.	The birth certificate registry published by the Ministry of Interior in Taiwan in which the registration of all births and deaths is mandatory in Taiwan.	Singletons. Adjusted for infant’s gender, parity, gestational age; maternal age, highest maternal educational level, maternal marital status, maternal hypertension, gestational diabetes; highest paternal educational level; parental age difference and family monthly income.
Kaufman - Beta-blockers, 2024	retrospective cohort	Surveys were administered either in person or by telephone. The survey asked patients questions about medications used during pregnancy.	Surveys were administered either in person or by telephone. The survey asked patients questions about pregnancy result (childbirth, miscarriage, or stillbirth) and pregnancy outcomes (gestational age at delivery, birth weight, neonatal intensive care unit stay, congenital anomalies).	None.
Pellegrino - Timolol, 2018	prospective cohort	At the time of the call, women treated with topical antiglaucoma medication during the first trimester were interviewed about clinical and pregnancy information.	Women were followed prospectively for pregnancy and neonatal outcome by phone interviews after delivery.	No adjustment.

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