Amitriptyline updated on 10-20-2025

Table   Graphic     exposition period:

Congenital malformations
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
All congenital malformations (majors, minors, majors and minors, or unspecified)1.36 [0.74, 2.49]19%3 studies53,273176not evaluable ROB-
Major congenital malformations1.36 [0.74, 2.49]19%3 studies53,273176not evaluable ROB-
Congenital heart defects2.32 [0.93, 5.80]-1 study8,112148not evaluable ROB-

Growth parameters and prematurity
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
Preterm (< 37 weeks)1.31 [1.12, 1.53]10%3 studies148,9345,078not evaluable ROB1.95 [1.50; .]
Small for gestational age (weight)1.00 [0.90, 1.11]0%2 studies236,4924,160not evaluable ROB-
Large for gestational age (weight)0.13 [0.02, 0.87]-1 study9,745301not evaluable ROB14.87 [.; 1.57]
Low birth weight (< 2500g)1.11 [0.76, 1.62]-1 study31,378301not evaluable ROB-

Maternal consequences
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
Postpartum hemorrhage1.12 [0.52, 2.40]70%2 studies19,768477not evaluable ROB-
Assisted deliveries (forceps, vacuum, ...)0.78 [0.51, 1.20]-1 study46,059301not evaluable ROB-
Caesarean1.10 [0.86, 1.40]-1 study111,735301not evaluable ROB-
Maternal consequences (as a whole)1.15 [0.88, 1.50]-1 study311,322301not evaluable ROB-
Preeclampsia1.72 [1.24, 2.39]-1 study3,246271not evaluable ROB2.83 [1.78; .]
Gestational diabetes1.52 [1.25, 1.84]-1 study20,905886not evaluable ROB2.41 [1.82; .]

Neonatal disorders
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
Low Apgar score (< 7) (at 5 min)1.35 [0.54, 3.40]70%2 studies32,7723,200not evaluable ROB-
Low Apgar score (< 7) (at 1 min)1.47 [0.90, 2.41]-1 study14,900301not evaluable ROB-
Neonatal death (< 28 days of life)1.23 [0.08, 19.69]-1 study627301not evaluable ROB-
Neonatal disorders (as a whole)1.36 [1.08, 1.71]-1 study161,554301not evaluable ROB2.06 [1.38; .]
Neonatal medical care0.95 [0.47, 1.92]-1 study8,574301not evaluable ROB-

Long term consequences
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
Child/Infant death (> 28 days of life)5.91 [0.37, 95.17]-1 study130301not evaluable ROB-

Intrauterine deaths
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
Early intrauterine deaths (< 22 weeks) / Spontaneous abortions1.65 [1.37, 2.00]0%3 studies2431not evaluable ROB2.69 [2.07; .]
Elective/induced termination of pregnancy2.57 [0.13, 52.07]-1 study144not evaluable ROB-

Neuro-developmental disorders
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
ADHD (Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder): Diagnosis1.74 [1.00, 3.03]-1 study1,040not evaluable ROB-
ADHD (Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder): Diagnosis/Risk1.74 [1.00, 3.03]-1 study1,040not evaluable ROB-
ASD (Autism spectrum disorder): Diagnosis2.02 [1.32, 3.10]-1 study1,040not evaluable ROB3.46 [1.96; .]
ASD (Autism spectrum disorder): Diagnosis/Risk2.02 [1.32, 3.10]-1 study1,040not evaluable ROB3.46 [1.96; .]
Cognitive developmental disorders/delay (> 6 years old)1.00 [0.39, 2.57]-1 study1,040not evaluable ROB-
Severe cognitive developmental delay (Mental retardation) (> 6 years old)1.00 [0.39, 2.57]-1 study1,040not evaluable ROB-

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