Propranolol (versus unexposed)

Study	Type of data	Exposure measurement	Outcome assessment	Adjustment
Bergman, 2018	case control	Medication exposure was obtained from the mother’s medical files (mostly these are only files relating to the pregnancy) and from the child’s, except for the Tuscany registry, which only collects data on medication use via a questionnaire sent to the mother after birth of the malformed child.	EUROCAT registries collect data on all pregnancy outcomes: live births, foetal deaths >= 20 weeks of gestational age (including stillbirths) and terminations of pregnancy for foetal anomalies (TOPFAs) with a major congenital anomaly.	Adjusted for registry, maternal age, use of other anti-hypertensive medications, birth year and pregnancy outcome (live births, stillbirths or terminations of pregnancy). Exclusion of registrations with maternal diabetes and/or insulin use during pregnancy, maternal epilepsy and/or anti-epileptic medication use during pregnancy and registrations with the use of highly teratogenic medication.
Delteil, 2024	retrospective cohort (claims database)	Women's drug exposure during pregnancy was estimated on the basis of dispensed prescription drugs recorded by the French Assurance Maladie.	Pregnancy outcomes were obtained from compulsory health certificates at 8 days, 9 months and 2 years for children recorded by the Protection Maternelle et Infantile (PMI) for births, and from data from the Primary Health Insurance Fund and the Toulouse University Hospital.	For malformations: adjusted for folic acid intake, the number of other medications during pregnancy, exposure to at least one teratogenic drug, diabetes and maternal age. SGA adjusted for maternal age, the number of other medications during pregnancy, diabetes and child sex.
Duan, 2018	retrospective cohort (claims database)	Pregnant women exposed to beta‐blockers during their pregnancy were identified using pharmacy dispensing records.	This study utilized computerized electronic health system databases which includes inpatient and outpatient diagnoses, patient vital statistics,... Fetal birth weights were obtained from California birth certificates.	For SGA: multivariable logistic regression models were constructed to adjust for maternal age, gestational age, maternal race and ethnicity, body mass index, and maternal comorbidities (including hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, heart failure, stroke, arrhythmia, and renal insufficiency). Only singleton pregnancies.
Ishibashi, 2017	retrospective cohort	All data were collected with checking their maternity record book.	All data were collected with checking their maternity record book. The infants’ data (premature birth and low birth weight) was collected from the patients’ maternity records.	None.
Lieberman, 1978	retrospective cohort	Not specified.	Not specified.	None.
Tanaka, 2016	retrospective cohort	Patient data were collected from their medical records and included medication(s) used (β-blockers and other ones).	Patient data were collected from their medical records.	Fetal growth restriction adjusted for maternal age, parity, maternal body mass index, primiparity, smoking, drinking, hypertension, thyroid disease, gestational diabetes mellitus, and NYHA class. Singleton only. Smoking and alcohol consumption during pregnancy not observed in any of the patients. No significant differences in gestational DM and pregnancy-induced hypertension between the 3 groups.
Van Zutphen, 2014	case control	Antihypertensive medication use were collected by trained interviewers who conducted maternal telephone interviews within 24 months of delivery.	Data were abstracted from medical record, birth certificates or hospital discharge records. To confirm cases, clinical geneticists reviewed data, including consultations (urology, endocrinology, and genetic), reports (operative, pathology, and autopsy), and radiographic results.	Adjusted for site, maternal age, race and ethnicity, parity, fertility treatment, prepregnancy diabetes, gestational diabetes, and multiple birth.

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