Hydroxychloroquine (for bibliographic search)

Published meta-analysis TE 95%CI I2 k Quality lib Notes Exposition period Control Ref
All congenital malformations (majors, minors, majors and minors, or unspecified)
metaPreg1.26 [1.08, 1.48]0%18 studies
Sperber (Autoimmune diseases), 2009 0.66 [0.25;1.75] 0% 4 NA Congenital defects during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) whatever (meta-analysis)

Sperber, Pediatr Rheumatol Online J 2009 [19439078]

Duan (SLE indication), 2021 0.53 [0.14;2.04] 0% 4 NA Congenital malformations throughout pregnancy unexposed, sick

Duan, Lupus 2021 [33853420]

Major congenital malformations
metaPreg1.26 [1.06, 1.50]2%12 studies
Kaplan (All indications), 2016 1.13 [0.59;2.17] 16% 6 NA Major congenital malformations at least 1st trimester whatever (meta-analysis)

Kaplan, Br J Clin Pharmacol 2016 [26700396]

Nervous system anomalies
metaPreg2.66 [0.11, 65.66]-1 study
Kaplan (All indications), 2016 1.81 [0.31;10.52] 0% 3 NA Nervous system malformations at least 1st trimester whatever (meta-analysis)

Kaplan, Br J Clin Pharmacol 2016 [26700396]

Congenital heart defects
metaPreg1.37 [0.75, 2.49]0%3 studies
Kaplan (All indications), 2016 1.06 [0.29;3.86] 0% 4 NA Cardiovascular malformations at least 1st trimester whatever (meta-analysis)

Kaplan, Br J Clin Pharmacol 2016 [26700396]

Intrauterine deaths (as a whole or unspecified)
metaPreg0.62 [0.39, 1.00]64%13 studies
Clowse (All SLE (lupus) pregnancies), 2022 0.83 [0.63;1.09] NA 7 NA Fetal loss after 10 weeks during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) whatever (meta-analysis)

Clowse, Lupus Sci Med 2022 [35318256]

Clowse (Antiphospholipid syndrome), 2022 0.46 [0.10;2.06] NA - NA Fetal loss after 10 weeks during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) whatever (meta-analysis)

Clowse, Lupus Sci Med 2022 [35318256]

Early intrauterine death (< 22 weeks)
metaPreg0.97 [0.62, 1.52]59%16 studies
Sperber (Autoimmune diseases), 2009 0.92 [0.49;1.72] 0% 4 NA Spontaneous abortions (< 20 weeks of gestation) during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) whatever (meta-analysis)

Sperber, Pediatr Rheumatol Online J 2009 [19439078]

Kaplan (All indications), 2016 1.85 [1.10;3.13] 13% 4 NA Spontaneous abortion at least 1st trimester whatever (meta-analysis)

Kaplan, Br J Clin Pharmacol 2016 [26700396]

Kaplan (All indications), 2016 1.77 [1.09;2.88] 0% 4 NA Spontaneous abortion (after exclusion of pregnant women with antiphospholipid syndrome) at least 1st trimester whatever (meta-analysis)

Kaplan, Br J Clin Pharmacol 2016 [26700396]

Duan (SLE indication), 2021 1.77 [0.96;3.26] 35% 5 NA Spontaneous abortion throughout pregnancy unexposed, sick

Duan, Lupus 2021 [33853420]

Duan (SLE indication), 2021 0.58 [0.24;1.39] 0% 2 NA Premature rupture of membranes throughout pregnancy unexposed, sick

Duan, Lupus 2021 [33853420]

Late intrauterine deaths (> 22 weeks)
metaPreg0.78 [0.46, 1.33]0%14 studies
Sperber (Autoimmune diseases), 2009 0.94 [0.14;6.54] 72% 4 NA Fetal deaths (> 20 weeks of gestation) during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) whatever (meta-analysis)

Sperber, Pediatr Rheumatol Online J 2009 [19439078]

Kaplan (All indications), 2016 0.69 [0.35;1.34] 0% 6 NA Stillbirth at least 1st trimester whatever (meta-analysis)

Kaplan, Br J Clin Pharmacol 2016 [26700396]

Duan (SLE indication), 2021 1.00 [0.50;2.00] 0% 6 NA Stillbirth throughout pregnancy unexposed, sick

Duan, Lupus 2021 [33853420]

Preterm (< 37 weeks)
metaPreg0.91 [0.70, 1.18]64%27 studies
Sperber (Autoimmune diseases), 2009 1.08 [0.74;1.57] 0% 4 NA Prematurity (birth before 37 weeks of gestation) during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) whatever (meta-analysis)

Sperber, Pediatr Rheumatol Online J 2009 [19439078]

Guillotin (SLE indication), 2018 0.54 [0.26;1.15] 54% 6 NA Prematurity (< 37th week of pregnancy) throughout pregnancy whatever (meta-analysis)

Guillotin, Joint Bone Spine 2018 [29631068]

Kaplan (All indications), 2016 1.75 [0.95;3.24] 72% 5 NA Prematurity at least 1st trimester whatever (meta-analysis)

Kaplan, Br J Clin Pharmacol 2016 [26700396]

Clowse (All SLE (lupus) pregnancies), 2022 0.68 [0.39;1.18] NA 7 NA Preterm delivery during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) whatever (meta-analysis)

Clowse, Lupus Sci Med 2022 [35318256]

Clowse (Antiphospholipid syndrome), 2022 0.88 [0.09;8.97] NA - NA Preterm delivery during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) whatever (meta-analysis)

Clowse, Lupus Sci Med 2022 [35318256]

Naveau (SLE indication), 2020 0.61 [0.40;0.93] 47% - NA Prematurity during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) whatever (meta-analysis)

Naveau, Lupus Sci. Med. 2020 []

Tian (Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome), 2021 0.43 [0.13;1.37] 50% 2 NA Preterm delivery during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) whatever (meta-analysis)

Tian, J Gynecol Obstet Hum Reprod 2021 [33746078]

Duan (SLE indication), 2021 0.55 [0.36;0.86] 41% 8 NA Premature delivery (below 37 weeks of gestational age) throughout pregnancy unexposed, sick

Duan, Lupus 2021 [33853420]

Low birth weight (< 2500g)
metaPreg0.78 [0.45, 1.34]56%6 studies
Guillotin (SLE indication), 2018 0.62 [0.24;1.64] 66% 5 NA Intrauterine growth restriction (birth weight below the 10th percentile) throughout pregnancy whatever (meta-analysis)

Guillotin, Joint Bone Spine 2018 [29631068]

Kaplan (All indications), 2016 0.69 [0.21;2.27] 72% 2 NA Low birth weight at least 1st trimester whatever (meta-analysis)

Kaplan, Br J Clin Pharmacol 2016 [26700396]

Duan (SLE indication), 2021 0.77 [0.43;1.39] 38% 5 NA Low birth weight throughout pregnancy unexposed, sick

Duan, Lupus 2021 [33853420]

Small for gestational age (weight)
metaPreg0.84 [0.63, 1.11]41%22 studies
Tian (Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome), 2021 0.22 [0.13;1.88] 0% 2 NA Fetal growth restriction during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) whatever (meta-analysis)

Tian, J Gynecol Obstet Hum Reprod 2021 [33746078]

Duan (SLE indication), 2021 0.57 [0.06;5.43] 88% 3 NA Intrauterine growth restriction throughout pregnancy unexposed, sick

Duan, Lupus 2021 [33853420]

Gestational diabetes
metaPreg0.87 [0.76, 0.99]0%4 studies
Duan (SLE indication), 2021 2.30 [0.44;12.12] 0% 2 NA Gestational diabetes throughout pregnancy unexposed, sick

Duan, Lupus 2021 [33853420]

Duan (SLE indication), 2021 0.88 [0.19;3.96] 0% 2 NA HELLP syndrome throughout pregnancy unexposed, sick

Duan, Lupus 2021 [33853420]

Duan (SLE indication), 2021 0.26 [0.05;1.51] 7% 2 NA Thrombolic disease throughout pregnancy unexposed, sick

Duan, Lupus 2021 [33853420]

Preeclampsia
metaPreg0.44 [0.29, 0.68]42%20 studies
Duan (SLE indication), 2021 0.35 [0.21;0.59] 22% 6 NA Preeclampsia throughout pregnancy unexposed, sick

Duan, Lupus 2021 [33853420]

Clowse (All SLE (lupus) pregnancies), 2022 0.89 [0.62;1.29] NA 7 NA Pre-eclampsia during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) whatever (meta-analysis)

Clowse, Lupus Sci Med 2022 [35318256]

Clowse (Antiphospholipid syndrome), 2022 0.60 [0.28;1.28] NA - NA Pre-eclampsia during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) whatever (meta-analysis)

Clowse, Lupus Sci Med 2022 [35318256]

Naveau (SLE indication), 2020 0.49 [0.59;1.01] 49% - NA Pre-eclampsia during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) whatever (meta-analysis)

Naveau, Lupus Sci. Med. 2020 []

Liu (SLE indication), 2021 0.61 [0.34;1.11] 11% 3 NA Preeclampsia during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) unexposed, sick

Liu, Arch Gynecol Obstet 2021 [32880707]

Fetal distress
metaPreg0.63 [0.33, 1.19]0%3 studies
Duan (SLE indication), 2021 1.07 [0.41;2.76] 0% 5 NA Intrauterine distress throughout pregnancy unexposed, sick

Duan, Lupus 2021 [33853420]

Low Apgar score (< 7) (at 5 min)
metaPreg0.41 [0.23, 0.72]0%4 studies
Duan (SLE indication), 2021 0.72 [0.20;2.58] 0% 2 NA APGAR score <7 within five minutes throughout pregnancy unexposed, sick

Duan, Lupus 2021 [33853420]

Oligohydramnios
metaPreg0.54 [0.15, 1.96]0%2 studies
Duan (SLE indication), 2021 0.90 [0.38;2.14] 40% 3 NA Oligohydramnios throughout pregnancy unexposed, sick

Duan, Lupus 2021 [33853420]