Clonazepam (Epilepsy) updated on 02-10-2025

Table   Graphic     exposition period:

Congenital malformations
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
All congenital malformations (majors, minors, majors and minors, or unspecified)1.55 [0.67, 3.56]0%13 studies297176low ROB-
Major congenital malformations1.58 [0.67, 3.77]0%11 studies292174probable ROB-
Congenital heart defects3.57 [0.68, 18.88]0%4 studies1915not evaluable ROB-
Hypospadias4.07 [0.53, 31.48]0%3 studies911not evaluable ROB-
Digestive system anomalies17.65 [1.85, 168.66]0%2 studies413not evaluable ROB34.80 [3.10; .]
Limb defects17.03 [1.82, 159.26]0%2 studies413not evaluable ROB33.56 [3.05; .]
Microcephaly / Small head circumference for gestational age1.23 [0.14, 10.66]30%2 studies708340not evaluable ROB-
Polydactyly4.27 [0.23, 78.33]0%2 studies22not evaluable ROB-
Craniosynostosis15.00 [0.12, 1923.88]-1 study1not evaluable ROB-
Down syndrom / Trisomy 2115.00 [0.12, 1923.88]-1 study1not evaluable ROB-
Hip dislocation and/or dysplasia15.00 [0.12, 1923.88]-1 study1not evaluable ROB-
Minor congenital malformations6.10 [0.45, 82.29]0%2 studies57not evaluable ROB-
Nervous system anomalies97.00 [1.67, 5617.77]-1 study4not evaluable ROB193.50 [2.74; .]
Neural Tube Defects15.19 [1.13, 204.41]0%2 studies210not evaluable ROB29.87 [1.51; .]
Urinary malformations7.33 [0.34, 156.83]-1 study64not evaluable ROB-
Oro-facial clefts25.31 [0.96, 666.98]-1 study19not evaluable ROB-

Growth parameters and prematurity
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
Preterm (< 37 weeks)1.71 [0.24, 12.03]0%2 studies8615not evaluable ROB-
Small for gestational age (weight)1.40 [1.03, 1.89]0%2 studies2,473340not evaluable ROB2.15 [1.22; .]
Large for gestational age (weight)0.89 [0.05, 15.15]-1 study7114not evaluable ROB-
Low birth weight (< 2500g)1.29 [0.85, 1.95]-1 study1,033339not evaluable ROB-
Large head circumference for gestational age15.00 [0.12, 1923.88]-1 study1not evaluable ROB-
Macrosomia (> 4000g)1.00 [0.00, 255.63]-1 study1not evaluable ROB-

Maternal consequences
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
Caesarean0.37 [0.05, 2.79]-1 study33214not evaluable ROB-
Assisted deliveries (forceps, vacuum, ...)1.00 [0.00, 255.63]-1 study1not evaluable ROB-
Polyhydramnios1.00 [0.00, 255.63]-1 study1not evaluable ROB-
Maternal consequences (as a whole)0.91 [0.48, 1.72]-1 study666321not evaluable ROB-

Neonatal disorders
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
Low Apgar score (< 7) (at 1 min)4.00 [0.85, 18.71]0%2 studies7113not evaluable ROB-
Neonatal medical care4.08 [1.09, 15.30]0%2 studies15513not evaluable ROB7.63 [1.40; .]
Low Apgar score (< 7) (at 5 min)54.08 [4.59, 637.79]-1 study45not evaluable ROB107.66 [8.64; .]
Feeding difficulty15.00 [0.12, 1923.88]-1 study1not evaluable ROB-
Jaundice / Icterus4.33 [0.06, 320.42]-1 study11not evaluable ROB-
Neonatal disorders (as a whole)2.20 [0.03, 146.04]-1 study21not evaluable ROB-
Neonatal hypotonia15.00 [0.12, 1923.88]-1 study1not evaluable ROB-
Neonatal infections15.00 [0.12, 1923.88]-1 study1not evaluable ROB-
Neonatal intracranial hemorrhage15.00 [0.12, 1923.88]-1 study1not evaluable ROB-
Neonatal tachypnea15.00 [0.12, 1923.88]-1 study1not evaluable ROB-

Long term consequences
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
Child/Infant death (> 28 days of life)12.04 [0.63, 228.65]-1 study514not evaluable ROB-

Intrauterine deaths
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
Perinatal death5.61 [0.54, 58.60]0%2 studies1020not evaluable ROB-
Intrauterine deaths (as a whole or unspecified)10.24 [0.20, 535.58]-1 study15not evaluable ROB-

Neuro-developmental disorders
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
Neuro-developmental disorders (as a whole)1.00 [0.75, 1.34]-1 study458318not evaluable ROB-
ADHD (Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder): Diagnosis1.15 [0.73, 1.81]-1 study550339not evaluable ROB-
ADHD (Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder): Diagnosis/Risk1.15 [0.73, 1.81]-1 study550339not evaluable ROB-
ASD (Autism spectrum disorder): Diagnosis1.03 [0.52, 2.04]-1 study333339not evaluable ROB-
ASD (Autism spectrum disorder): Diagnosis/Risk1.03 [0.52, 2.04]-1 study333339not evaluable ROB-
Cognitive developmental disorders/delay (> 6 years old)0.55 [0.20, 1.51]-1 study189339not evaluable ROB-
Severe cognitive developmental delay (Mental retardation) (> 6 years old)0.55 [0.20, 1.51]-1 study189339not evaluable ROB-

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