Alprazolam updated on 02-10-2025

Table   Graphic     exposition period:

Congenital malformations
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
All congenital malformations (majors, minors, majors and minors, or unspecified)1.50 [0.96, 2.35]85%3 studies206,5511,999not evaluable ROB-
Congenital heart defects1.31 [0.74, 2.32]82%3 studies95,8471,987not evaluable ROB-
Cleft lip with or without cleft palate1.00 [0.51, 1.95]-1 study3,08649not evaluable ROB-
Cleft palate1.50 [0.71, 3.16]-1 study1,57847not evaluable ROB-
Major congenital malformations1.53 [0.93, 2.51]92%2 studies206,5311,917not evaluable ROB-
Ano-rectal atresia and stenosis1.10 [0.39, 3.11]-1 study1,06642not evaluable ROB-
Eye defects2.02 [0.74, 5.50]-1 study4,185109not evaluable ROB-
Gastroschisis0.90 [0.32, 2.55]-1 study1,40042not evaluable ROB-
Hydrocephaly1.18 [0.28, 4.92]-1 study51340not evaluable ROB-
Hypospadias0.30 [0.10, 0.90]-1 study2,540not evaluable ROB6.12 [.; 1.46]
Neural Tube Defects1.30 [0.59, 2.86]-1 study2,10546not evaluable ROB-
Oesophageal atresia with or without tracheo-oesophageal fistula2.70 [1.22, 5.99]-1 study75346not evaluable ROB4.84 [1.73; .]
Anophthalmos/micropthalmos4.00 [1.21, 13.22]-1 study23041not evaluable ROB7.46 [1.72; .]
Anotia0.44 [0.06, 3.23]-1 study68539not evaluable ROB-
Aortic valve atresia/stenosis1.19 [0.29, 4.95]-1 study51040not evaluable ROB-
Atresia or stenosis of other parts of small intestine--0 study-
Atrial septal defect1.10 [0.59, 2.06]-1 study3,02550not evaluable ROB-
Atrioventricular septal defect2.50 [0.79, 7.95]-1 study36941not evaluable ROB-
Bilateral renal agenesis including Potter syndrome--0 study-
Cardiac septal defects0.80 [0.41, 1.55]-1 study4,67351not evaluable ROB-
Club foot / Talipes equinovarus--0 study-
Coarctation of aorta0.53 [0.13, 2.18]-1 study1,15340not evaluable ROB-
Congenital cataract1.76 [0.25, 12.63]-1 study1,36194not evaluable ROB-
Congenital glaucoma3.40 [0.21, 54.80]-1 study35193not evaluable ROB-
Craniosynostosis0.38 [0.09, 1.59]-1 study1,57940not evaluable ROB-
Diaphragmatic hernia0.17 [0.01, 2.81]-1 study86738not evaluable ROB-
Ear malformations--0 study-
Genital anomalies--0 study-
Limb reduction defects (LRD)--0 study-
Microcephaly / Small head circumference for gestational age--0 study-
Omphalocele1.40 [0.34, 5.82]-1 study43440not evaluable ROB-
Oro-facial clefts--0 study-
Polydactyly--0 study-
Pulmonary valve stenosis0.80 [0.30, 2.12]-1 study1,53242not evaluable ROB-
Spina bifida1.00 [0.33, 3.00]-1 study1,24142not evaluable ROB-
Tetralogy of Fallot1.20 [0.44, 3.29]-1 study1,19643not evaluable ROB-
Transposition of the great vessels0.20 [0.01, 3.18]-1 study76538not evaluable ROB-
Ventricular septal defect1.00 [0.40, 2.50]-1 study1,64844not evaluable ROB-

Growth parameters and prematurity
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
Small for gestational age (weight)2.05 [0.57, 7.42]83%2 studies277,48314,187not evaluable ROB-
Low birth weight (< 2500g)2.11 [0.72, 6.12]48%2 studies32128not evaluable ROB-
Preterm (< 37 weeks)1.40 [0.81, 2.41]49%2 studies276,19914,220not evaluable ROB-

Maternal consequences
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
Caesarean1.76 [0.87, 3.56]-1 study5648not evaluable ROB-

Neonatal disorders
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
Neonatal medical care0.94 [0.39, 2.26]-1 study2848not evaluable ROB-
Low Apgar score (< 7) (at 1 min)--0 study-
Low Apgar score (< 7) (at 5 min)--0 study-

Intrauterine deaths
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
Early intrauterine deaths (< 22 weeks) / Spontaneous abortions1.70 [1.22, 2.38]53%3 studies27,201196not evaluable ROB2.80 [1.74; .]
Late intrauterine deaths (> 22 weeks) / Stillbirths0.99 [0.84, 1.16]0%2 studies32,53414,395not evaluable ROB-
Perinatal death2.01 [0.04, 102.91]-1 study48not evaluable ROB-

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