Escitalopram updated on 10-20-2025

Table   Graphic     exposition period:

Congenital malformations
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
All congenital malformations (majors, minors, majors and minors, or unspecified)0.95 [0.80, 1.12]0%9 studies166,0835,605not evaluable ROB-
Major congenital malformations0.92 [0.78, 1.09]0%8 studies124,8105,533not evaluable ROB-
Congenital heart defects1.00 [0.78, 1.28]0%7 studies48,8685,202not evaluable ROB-
Limb defects1.05 [0.50, 2.23]35%4 studies151,667not evaluable ROB-
Atrial septal defect1.15 [0.43, 3.03]42%4 studies3,977748not evaluable ROB-
Ventricular septal defect1.01 [0.56, 1.84]11%4 studies11,649745not evaluable ROB-
Digestive system anomalies1.09 [0.32, 3.75]0%3 studies3,0531,237not evaluable ROB-
Genital anomalies0.81 [0.18, 3.75]0%2 studies31,226not evaluable ROB-
Oro-facial clefts0.73 [0.38, 1.41]0%2 studies438933not evaluable ROB-
Cardiac septal defects0.88 [0.63, 1.23]0%3 studies25,6623,966not evaluable ROB-
Cleft lip with or without cleft palate0.75 [0.33, 1.70]-1 studynot evaluable ROB-
Cleft palate0.80 [0.28, 2.27]-1 studynot evaluable ROB-
Respiratory system anomalies1.54 [0.38, 6.23]0%3 studies1,1881,235not evaluable ROB-
Urinary malformations0.36 [0.05, 2.58]0%2 studies3,1481,226not evaluable ROB-
Abdominal wall defects2.51 [0.16, 40.55]-1 study69933not evaluable ROB-
Atrioventricular septal defect6.23 [1.23, 31.54]0%2 studies290302not evaluable ROB11.94 [1.76; .]
Club foot / Talipes equinovarus3.25 [1.56, 6.77]0%2 studies2,61433not evaluable ROB5.94 [2.48; .]
Coarctation of aorta1.40 [0.57, 3.41]0%2 studies5709not evaluable ROB-
Craniosynostosis1.73 [0.85, 3.54]0%2 studies3079not evaluable ROB-
Ear, face and neck anomalies2.37 [0.45, 12.47]0%2 studies829943not evaluable ROB-
Eye defects2.72 [0.63, 11.72]0%2 studies828943not evaluable ROB-
Gastroschisis1.91 [0.63, 5.79]15%2 studies41310not evaluable ROB-
Hypoplastic left heart (HLH/HLHS)2.17 [0.82, 5.78]0%2 studies3989not evaluable ROB-
Hypospadias0.81 [0.39, 1.66]0%2 studies3,04111not evaluable ROB-
Nervous system anomalies2.35 [0.59, 9.41]0%2 studies1,226not evaluable ROB-
Neural Tube Defects1.30 [0.61, 2.79]0%2 studies1,32210not evaluable ROB-
Pulmonary valve stenosis1.30 [0.56, 2.98]0%2 studies7729not evaluable ROB-
Spina bifida1.44 [0.56, 3.70]-1 studynot evaluable ROB-
Tetralogy of Fallot2.18 [0.92, 5.19]5%2 studies42810not evaluable ROB-
Transposition of the great vessels3.05 [0.58, 16.03]0%2 studies853451not evaluable ROB-
Ano-rectal atresia and stenosis6.02 [0.73, 49.63]-1 study39210not evaluable ROB-
Aortic valve atresia/stenosis--0 study-
Chromosomal abnormalities0.32 [0.02, 5.06]-1 study551933not evaluable ROB-
Congenital hydronephrosis--0 study-
Diaphragmatic hernia--0 study-
Ebstein's anomaly34.19 [4.09, 285.92]-1 study9310not evaluable ROB67.88 [7.64; .]
Encephalocele--0 study-
Hip dislocation and/or dysplasia--0 study-
Hirschsprung's disease--0 study-
Hydrocephaly--0 study-
Limb reduction defects (LRD)2.42 [0.31, 19.15]-1 study78410not evaluable ROB-
Multicystic renal dysplasia1.46 [0.08, 25.03]-1 study6189not evaluable ROB-
Omphalocele--0 study-
Patent ductus arterious--0 study-
Polydactyly--0 study-
Pulmonary valve atresia--0 study-
Severe congenital heart defect1.65 [0.35, 7.79]-1 study2,93511not evaluable ROB-
Syndactyly--0 study-

Growth parameters and prematurity
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
Preterm (< 37 weeks)1.15 [1.00, 1.33]10%5 studies149,69816,260not evaluable ROB-
Low birth weight (< 2500g)2.75 [1.01, 7.49]60%2 studies31,379243not evaluable ROB4.95 [1.12; .]
Small for gestational age (weight)1.00 [0.94, 1.06]0%2 studies237,53513,836not evaluable ROB-
Large for gestational age (weight)1.67 [0.52, 5.35]-1 study9,74771not evaluable ROB-

Maternal consequences
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
Postpartum hemorrhage1.51 [1.14, 2.01]0%2 studies21,6971,093not evaluable ROB2.39 [1.53; .]
Assisted deliveries (forceps, vacuum, ...)1.01 [0.46, 2.21]-1 study46,04371not evaluable ROB-
Caesarean1.39 [0.86, 2.24]-1 study111,66871not evaluable ROB-
Maternal consequences (as a whole)2.38 [1.14, 4.97]-1 study311,15671not evaluable ROB4.19 [1.54; .]
Preeclampsia1.14 [0.96, 1.36]-1 study3,3401,936not evaluable ROB-

Neonatal disorders
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
Neonatal medical care1.88 [0.95, 3.72]86%4 studies8,8561,206not evaluable ROB-
Low Apgar score (< 7) (at 5 min)1.33 [0.74, 2.38]80%3 studies33,27615,558not evaluable ROB-
Neonatal death (< 28 days of life)5.23 [0.32, 84.55]-1 study62771not evaluable ROB-
Withdrawal syndrome / Neonatal abstinence syndrome / Poor neonatal adaptation5.91 [3.06, 11.41]82%2 studies6593,648not evaluable ROB11.30 [5.57; .]
Low Apgar score (< 7) (at 1 min)0.67 [0.16, 2.77]-1 study14,88571not evaluable ROB-
Neonatal disorders (as a whole)2.46 [1.49, 4.05]-1 study161,45371not evaluable ROB4.36 [2.35; .]
Persistent pulmonary hypertension1.73 [0.34, 8.82]0%2 studies1,9381,138not evaluable ROB-
Jaundice / Icterus1.00 [0.70, 1.42]-1 study153581not evaluable ROB-
Neonatal tachypnea1.60 [1.05, 2.43]-1 study111581not evaluable ROB2.57 [1.26; .]

Long term consequences
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
Child/Infant death (> 28 days of life)4.82 [0.41, 56.76]67%2 studies1,19371not evaluable ROB-

Intrauterine deaths
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
Early intrauterine deaths (< 22 weeks) / Spontaneous abortions1.25 [1.04, 1.50]19%5 studies18,1462,859not evaluable ROB1.81 [1.25; .]
Late intrauterine deaths (> 22 weeks) / Stillbirths1.01 [0.27, 3.79]0%2 studies5213not evaluable ROB-
Elective/induced termination of pregnancy1.75 [0.48, 6.41]-1 study1735not evaluable ROB-
Therapeutic terminations of pregnancy6.12 [0.73, 51.24]-1 study7213not evaluable ROB-

Neuro-developmental disorders
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
ASD (Autism spectrum disorder): Diagnosis1.27 [0.83, 1.93]11%2 studies1,185not evaluable ROB-
ASD (Autism spectrum disorder): Diagnosis/Risk1.27 [0.83, 1.93]11%2 studies1,185not evaluable ROB-
ADHD (Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder): Diagnosis1.11 [0.52, 2.37]-1 study546not evaluable ROB-
ADHD (Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder): Diagnosis/Risk1.11 [0.52, 2.37]-1 study546not evaluable ROB-
Cognitive developmental disorders/delay (3-6 years old)--0 study-

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