Venlafaxine updated on 10-20-2025

Table   Graphic     exposition period:

Congenital malformations
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
All congenital malformations (majors, minors, majors and minors, or unspecified)1.15 [0.93, 1.42]31%9 studies129,9644,889not evaluable ROB-
Major congenital malformations1.17 [0.97, 1.41]18%9 studies129,9334,889not evaluable ROB-
Congenital heart defects1.29 [0.85, 1.96]51%5 studies35,4073,798not evaluable ROB-
Cardiac septal defects1.21 [0.68, 2.14]69%3 studies17,5283,501not evaluable ROB-
Cleft lip with or without cleft palate1.98 [0.95, 4.12]-1 studynot evaluable ROB-
Cleft palate3.39 [1.59, 7.22]-1 studynot evaluable ROB6.24 [2.56; .]
Craniosynostosis1.33 [0.66, 2.67]0%2 studies738not evaluable ROB-
Hypoplastic left heart (HLH/HLHS)7.95 [1.67, 37.85]78%2 studiesnot evaluable ROB15.39 [2.73; .]
Hypospadias1.29 [0.71, 2.31]0%2 studies4,5332,763not evaluable ROB-
Oro-facial clefts2.44 [1.33, 4.48]-1 studynot evaluable ROB4.31 [1.99; .]
Severe congenital heart defect1.78 [0.67, 4.71]-1 study26847not evaluable ROB-
Atrial septal defect2.26 [1.03, 4.96]-1 studynot evaluable ROB3.95 [1.21; .]
Coarctation of aorta3.54 [1.56, 8.05]-1 studynot evaluable ROB6.54 [2.49; .]
Digestive system anomalies0.89 [0.44, 1.82]-1 study738not evaluable ROB-
Eye, ear, face and neck malformations0.70 [0.22, 2.21]-1 study738not evaluable ROB-
Gastroschisis4.71 [1.89, 11.75]-1 studynot evaluable ROB8.89 [3.18; .]
Genital anomalies0.69 [0.29, 1.66]-1 study738not evaluable ROB-
Limb defects1.30 [0.93, 1.81]-1 study738not evaluable ROB-
Minor congenital malformations0.55 [0.17, 1.82]-1 study31270not evaluable ROB-
Nervous system anomalies1.19 [0.55, 2.58]-1 study738not evaluable ROB-
Neural Tube Defects2.62 [1.19, 5.76]-1 studynot evaluable ROB4.68 [1.67; .]
Pulmonary valve stenosis2.46 [1.04, 5.81]-1 studynot evaluable ROB4.36 [1.25; .]
Respiratory system anomalies2.17 [1.07, 4.39]-1 study738not evaluable ROB3.76 [1.35; .]
Spina bifida1.85 [0.63, 5.43]-1 studynot evaluable ROB-
Urinary malformations1.43 [0.75, 2.73]-1 study738not evaluable ROB-
Ventricular septal defect2.09 [0.84, 5.20]-1 studynot evaluable ROB-

Growth parameters and prematurity
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
Preterm (< 37 weeks)1.64 [1.33, 2.02]30%6 studies121,2107,381not evaluable ROB2.66 [1.98; .]
Small for gestational age (weight)0.91 [0.83, 1.00]0%2 studies229,7075,628not evaluable ROB-
Low birth weight (< 2500g)2.14 [0.35, 13.19]-1 study9not evaluable ROB-

Maternal consequences
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
Postpartum hemorrhage1.88 [1.39, 2.54]70%2 studies23,8412,153not evaluable ROB3.16 [2.12; .]
Preeclampsia1.57 [1.29, 1.91]-1 study3,3151,113not evaluable ROB2.52 [1.90; .]
Gestational diabetes1.27 [1.09, 1.48]-1 study20,9051,885not evaluable ROB1.86 [1.39; .]

Neonatal disorders
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
Low Apgar score (< 7) (at 5 min)1.99 [1.10, 3.61]67%3 studies31,2755,910not evaluable ROB3.40 [1.43; .]
Neonatal medical care1.61 [0.59, 4.41]46%2 studies124141not evaluable ROB-
Persistent pulmonary hypertension0.89 [0.13, 6.37]0%2 studies551not evaluable ROB-
Withdrawal syndrome / Neonatal abstinence syndrome / Poor neonatal adaptation3.95 [1.74, 8.97]-1 study57not evaluable ROB7.36 [2.87; .]
Jaundice / Icterus0.86 [0.49, 1.51]-1 study81132not evaluable ROB-
Neonatal tachypnea2.36 [1.34, 4.13]-1 study59132not evaluable ROB4.14 [2.02; .]

Intrauterine deaths
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
Early intrauterine deaths (< 22 weeks) / Spontaneous abortions1.73 [1.42, 2.11]0%7 studies5,4941,123not evaluable ROB2.86 [2.20; .]
Elective/induced termination of pregnancy1.97 [1.19, 3.26]67%4 studies2221,026not evaluable ROB3.36 [1.67; .]
Late intrauterine deaths (> 22 weeks) / Stillbirths1.51 [0.53, 4.28]0%2 studies23946not evaluable ROB-
Therapeutic terminations of pregnancy2.39 [1.25, 4.55]0%2 studies9150not evaluable ROB4.21 [1.82; .]

Neuro-developmental disorders
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
ASD (Autism spectrum disorder): Diagnosis1.60 [1.00, 2.57]0%2 studies3641,031not evaluable ROB2.59 [1.03; .]
ASD (Autism spectrum disorder): Diagnosis/Risk1.60 [1.00, 2.57]0%2 studies3641,031not evaluable ROB2.59 [1.03; .]
Cognitive developmental disorders/delay (3-6 years old)1.47 [0.76, 2.85]-1 study62not evaluable ROB-
Language disorders/delay1.49 [0.77, 2.89]-1 study62not evaluable ROB-
ADHD (Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder): Diagnosis0.97 [0.48, 1.96]-1 study818not evaluable ROB-
ADHD (Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder): Diagnosis/Risk0.97 [0.48, 1.96]-1 study818not evaluable ROB-
Cognitive developmental disorders/delay (> 6 years old)0.99 [0.33, 2.95]-1 study818not evaluable ROB-
Severe cognitive developmental delay (Mental retardation) (> 6 years old)0.99 [0.33, 2.95]-1 study818not evaluable ROB-

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