Lamotrigine (All indications) updated on 06-15-2026

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Congenital malformations
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
All congenital malformations (majors, minors, majors and minors, or unspecified)1.02 [0.93, 1.11]0%19 studies148,72316,598probable ROB-
Major congenital malformations1.02 [0.93, 1.12]0%18 studies148,74816,663low ROB-
Congenital heart defects1.06 [0.85, 1.32]14%8 studies2,07410,540not evaluable ROB-
Limb defects1.16 [0.83, 1.62]0%6 studies1,2692,087not evaluable ROB-
Club foot / Talipes equinovarus1.17 [0.86, 1.61]0%5 studies22,18613,138not evaluable ROB-
Hypospadias1.17 [0.84, 1.62]0%5 studies11,90813,971not evaluable ROB-
Oro-facial clefts1.78 [0.74, 4.25]84%5 studies2,96913,432not evaluable ROB-
Cleft palate2.36 [0.42, 13.41]82%4 studies4,3134,399not evaluable ROB-
Nervous system anomalies1.38 [0.88, 2.15]0%4 studies36710,074not evaluable ROB-
Spina bifida0.86 [0.26, 2.84]0%4 studies6,1264,646not evaluable ROB-
Cleft lip with or without cleft palate1.95 [0.49, 7.75]46%3 studies3,6544,399not evaluable ROB-
Microcephaly / Small head circumference for gestational age0.96 [0.78, 1.20]2%3 studies137,21212,471not evaluable ROB-
Neural Tube Defects0.72 [0.04, 11.59]0%2 studies352not evaluable ROB-
Atrial septal defect1.34 [0.95, 1.88]0%2 studies84,5603,715not evaluable ROB-
Cardiac septal defects1.46 [0.94, 2.26]0%2 studies16,5771,917not evaluable ROB-
Diaphragmatic hernia1.11 [0.26, 4.72]0%2 studies3,7793,715not evaluable ROB-
Digestive system anomalies0.56 [0.27, 1.18]0%2 studies11,462not evaluable ROB-
Genital anomalies0.77 [0.45, 1.31]0%2 studies1,0241,685not evaluable ROB-
Tetralogy of Fallot1.07 [0.17, 6.66]0%2 studies1,7823,715not evaluable ROB-
Urinary malformations1.16 [0.51, 2.65]0%2 studies71,462not evaluable ROB-
Ventricular septal defect0.80 [0.25, 2.54]67%2 studies25,6453,715not evaluable ROB-
19 non statistically significant endpoints reported in only one study

Growth parameters and prematurity
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
Preterm (< 37 weeks)0.98 [0.82, 1.17]60%15 studies290,05810,896low ROB-
Small for gestational age (weight)0.91 [0.83, 0.99]21%8 studies656,61117,034not evaluable ROB1.42 [.; 1.08]
Low birth weight (< 2500g)1.03 [0.91, 1.16]28%5 studies264,29514,722not evaluable ROB-
Extremely preterm (< 28 weeks)0.51 [0.14, 1.87]0%2 studies2,0382,923not evaluable ROB-
Very preterm (28 to 32 weeks)0.53 [0.19, 1.45]15%2 studies8,5672,923not evaluable ROB-
Large for gestational age (weight)1.47 [0.05, 41.93]71%2 studies74180not evaluable ROB-
Macrosomia (> 4000g)0.89 [0.82, 0.97]-1 study577,1802,813not evaluable ROB1.49 [.; 1.22]

Maternal consequences
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
Caesarean0.99 [0.86, 1.14]0%4 studies187,5861,888not evaluable ROB-
Preeclampsia1.09 [0.90, 1.31]0%3 studies53,7802,719not evaluable ROB-
Assisted deliveries (forceps, vacuum, ...)1.63 [1.07, 2.47]-1 study185233not evaluable ROB2.64 [1.35; .]
Postpartum hemorrhage1.20 [0.85, 1.70]72%2 studies204,0501,702not evaluable ROB-
4 non statistically significant endpoints reported in only one study

Neonatal disorders
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
Low Apgar score (< 7) (at 5 min)1.08 [0.81, 1.46]0%5 studies16,5212,812not evaluable ROB-
Neonatal medical care1.29 [1.05, 1.60]0%5 studies45,1681,749not evaluable ROB1.91 [1.27; .]
Neonatal disorders (as a whole)0.95 [0.85, 1.07]0%2 studies222,1572,919not evaluable ROB-
Fetal distress--0 study-
3 non statistically significant endpoints reported in only one study

Long term consequences
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
Child/Infant death (> 28 days of life)1.22 [0.65, 2.30]0%2 studies4,7102,986not evaluable ROB-

Intrauterine deaths
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
Intrauterine deaths (as a whole or unspecified)1.56 [0.79, 3.08]17%7 studies4,5133,461not evaluable ROB-
Elective/induced termination of pregnancy1.17 [1.01, 1.36]0%4 studies3,0902,834not evaluable ROB1.62 [1.11; .]
Early intrauterine deaths (< 22 weeks) / Spontaneous abortions1.14 [0.16, 8.05]0%2 studies650not evaluable ROB-
Late intrauterine deaths (> 22 weeks) / Stillbirths1.07 [0.13, 8.49]0%3 studies2975not evaluable ROB-
2 non statistically significant endpoints reported in only one study

Neuro-developmental disorders
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
Language disorders/delay1.14 [0.87, 1.48]72%12 studies73,9907,411low ROB-
ASD (Autism spectrum disorder): Diagnosis/Risk0.91 [0.79, 1.05]6%9 studies81,39420,205not evaluable ROB-
ADHD (Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder): Diagnosis/Risk1.10 [0.88, 1.38]62%8 studies165,61114,797not evaluable ROB-
ASD (Autism spectrum disorder): Diagnosis0.88 [0.77, 1.00]0%7 studies81,35320,046serious ROB-
Cognitive developmental disorders/delay (> 6 years old)1.00 [0.82, 1.23]0%7 studies24,64311,398not evaluable ROB-
Psychomotor developmental disorders/delay1.27 [0.76, 2.11]75%10 studies4524,582low ROB-
ADHD (Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder): Diagnosis0.96 [0.80, 1.14]48%5 studies153,75014,565not evaluable ROB-
Neuro-developmental disorders (as a whole)1.08 [0.66, 1.76]52%6 studies10,56810,961not evaluable ROB-
Cognitive developmental disorders/delay (3-6 years old)1.89 [0.81, 4.44]85%6 studies3,60714,115not evaluable ROB-
Severe cognitive developmental delay (Mental retardation) (3-6 years old)1.29 [0.45, 3.68]88%4 studies3,60514,071not evaluable ROB-
Severe cognitive developmental delay (Mental retardation) (> 6 years old)1.02 [0.82, 1.27]0%3 studies24,60111,262not evaluable ROB-
Cognitive developmental disorders/delay (< 3 years old)1.55 [0.68, 3.52]33%4 studies11141not evaluable ROB-
Learning disorders 1.19 [0.69, 2.07]52%4 studies643,567not evaluable ROB-
ADHD (Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder): Risk1.81 [1.17, 2.79]0%3 studies11,861232not evaluable ROB3.01 [1.61; .]
ASD (Autism spectrum disorder): Risk1.64 [0.66, 4.06]6%2 studies41159not evaluable ROB-
1 non statistically significant endpoints reported in only one study

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