Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists updated on 01-05-2026

Table   Graphic     exposition period:

Congenital malformations
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
All congenital malformations (majors, minors, majors and minors, or unspecified)1.00 [0.72, 1.38]0%7 studies8,464734not evaluable ROB-
Major congenital malformations1.00 [0.72, 1.38]0%7 studies8,464734not evaluable ROB-
Congenital heart defects0.48 [0.24, 0.96]0%3 studies77461not evaluable ROB3.62 [.; 1.26]
Digestive system anomalies--0 study-
Ear, face and neck anomalies--0 study-
Eye defects--0 study-
Genital anomalies--0 study-
Limb defects--0 study-
Nervous system anomalies--0 study-
Oro-facial clefts--0 study-
Respiratory system anomalies--0 study-
Urinary malformations--0 study-

Growth parameters and prematurity
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
Preterm (< 37 weeks)1.32 [0.91, 1.91]70%5 studies41,81241,228not evaluable ROB-
Small for gestational age (weight)0.63 [0.35, 1.14]0%4 studies9,502298not evaluable ROB-
Large for gestational age (weight)2.67 [0.96, 7.40]75%3 studies4,251232not evaluable ROB-

Maternal consequences
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
Caesarean1.25 [1.22, 1.28]-1 study69,22340,929not evaluable ROB1.81 [1.75; .]
Gestational diabetes0.58 [0.30, 1.14]-1 study5890not evaluable ROB-
Preeclampsia0.47 [0.25, 0.89]-1 study9690not evaluable ROB3.68 [.; 1.51]
Maternal death1.00 [0.41, 2.42]-1 study1,826not evaluable ROB-

Neonatal disorders
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
Jaundice / Icterus3.31 [1.11, 9.90]-1 study5,95229not evaluable ROB6.08 [1.45; .]
Neonatal hypoglycemia7.89 [1.92, 32.39]-1 study1,45129not evaluable ROB15.26 [3.25; .]
Neonatal medical care--0 study-
Neonatal death (< 28 days of life)1.10 [0.95, 1.27]-1 study95940,929not evaluable ROB-

Intrauterine deaths
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
Early intrauterine deaths (< 22 weeks) / Spontaneous abortions1.34 [1.29, 1.39]0%2 studies13,87241,097not evaluable ROB2.01 [1.90; .]
Late intrauterine deaths (> 22 weeks) / Stillbirths0.66 [0.17, 2.53]8%2 studies14182not evaluable ROB-
Elective/induced termination of pregnancy1.39 [0.66, 2.93]-1 study36168not evaluable ROB-
Therapeutic terminations of pregnancy0.45 [0.11, 1.80]-1 study10117not evaluable ROB-
Intrauterine deaths (as a whole or unspecified)6.86 [0.70, 66.90]-1 study490not evaluable ROB-

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