Citalopram updated on 10-20-2025

Table   Graphic     exposition period:

Congenital malformations
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
All congenital malformations (majors, minors, majors and minors, or unspecified)1.19 [1.10, 1.28]0%13 studies133,18819,314low ROB1.66 [1.44; .]
Major congenital malformations1.18 [1.09, 1.27]0%12 studies132,40319,304low ROB1.63 [1.41; .]
Congenital heart defects1.20 [1.00, 1.44]27%12 studies53,90918,951low ROB1.70 [1.07; .]
Limb defects1.12 [0.78, 1.59]54%7 studies1,2837,745not evaluable ROB-
Digestive system anomalies1.24 [0.84, 1.82]5%6 studies3,2867,732not evaluable ROB-
Craniosynostosis1.85 [1.06, 3.24]42%6 studies1,64014,612not evaluable ROB3.10 [1.30; .]
Genital anomalies0.88 [0.52, 1.50]0%4 studies3244,171not evaluable ROB-
Hypospadias1.45 [1.08, 1.95]34%5 studies8,09515,191not evaluable ROB2.26 [1.36; .]
Nervous system anomalies1.20 [0.81, 1.78]0%6 studies2087,745not evaluable ROB-
Atrial septal defect1.07 [0.69, 1.66]0%4 studies3,9944,429not evaluable ROB-
Cardiac septal defects1.15 [0.97, 1.36]0%5 studies26,91411,823not evaluable ROB-
Cleft lip with or without cleft palate1.27 [0.59, 2.75]36%3 studies7042,818not evaluable ROB-
Cleft palate1.12 [0.61, 2.06]0%3 studies3772,815not evaluable ROB-
Oro-facial clefts1.23 [0.79, 1.94]0%4 studies2943,587not evaluable ROB-
Respiratory system anomalies0.88 [0.42, 1.82]0%5 studies1,0677,148not evaluable ROB-
Urinary malformations1.66 [0.88, 3.13]41%4 studies2,9864,153not evaluable ROB-
Ventricular septal defect0.87 [0.51, 1.49]51%4 studies11,6844,430not evaluable ROB-
Ano-rectal atresia and stenosis1.61 [0.91, 2.85]0%4 studies1,39311,230not evaluable ROB-
Club foot / Talipes equinovarus1.59 [1.12, 2.24]0%4 studies6,22811,248not evaluable ROB2.55 [1.50; .]
Eye defects1.98 [1.02, 3.83]0%4 studies8284,349not evaluable ROB3.37 [1.16; .]
Neural Tube Defects1.32 [0.62, 2.82]36%4 studies1,6422,836not evaluable ROB-
Abdominal wall defects1.98 [0.39, 9.91]0%2 studies693,552not evaluable ROB-
Atrioventricular septal defect1.65 [0.86, 3.16]5%3 studies1,36911,213not evaluable ROB-
Chromosomal abnormalities0.71 [0.26, 1.88]0%3 studies4,327not evaluable ROB-
Diaphragmatic hernia1.96 [0.86, 4.48]0%2 studies19215not evaluable ROB-
Ear, face and neck anomalies1.76 [0.72, 4.27]0%3 studies8292,741not evaluable ROB-
Limb reduction defects (LRD)1.28 [0.62, 2.64]0%3 studies2,01411,229not evaluable ROB-
Coarctation of aorta1.18 [0.49, 2.88]0%2 studies57020not evaluable ROB-
Omphalocele1.49 [0.09, 25.05]-1 study12715not evaluable ROB-
Pulmonary valve stenosis1.87 [0.97, 3.59]0%2 studies77222not evaluable ROB-
Spina bifida0.78 [0.24, 2.54]-1 studynot evaluable ROB-
Tetralogy of Fallot2.13 [0.69, 6.52]43%2 studies42822not evaluable ROB-
Transposition of the great vessels0.74 [0.15, 3.74]0%2 studies8542,819not evaluable ROB-
Anotia2.68 [0.95, 7.58]-1 studynot evaluable ROB-
Aortic valve atresia/stenosis--0 study-
Congenital hydronephrosis--0 study-
Ebstein's anomaly12.36 [1.61, 95.02]-1 study9321not evaluable ROB24.21 [2.60; .]
Encephalocele--0 study-
Eye, ear, face and neck malformations1.13 [0.41, 3.10]-1 study584not evaluable ROB-
Gastroschisis3.11 [1.25, 7.74]-1 study136not evaluable ROB5.67 [1.81; .]
Hip dislocation and/or dysplasia--0 study-
Hirschsprung's disease--0 study-
Hydrocephaly--0 study-
Hypoplastic left heart (HLH/HLHS)2.15 [0.29, 16.05]-1 study39821not evaluable ROB-
Microcephaly / Small head circumference for gestational age1.30 [0.78, 2.16]-1 studynot evaluable ROB-
Multicystic renal dysplasia1.40 [0.18, 10.87]-1 study61821not evaluable ROB-
Oesophageal atresia with or without tracheo-oesophageal fistula1.82 [0.71, 4.66]-1 studynot evaluable ROB-
Patent ductus arterious--0 study-
Polydactyly--0 study-
Pulmonary valve atresia--0 study-
Severe congenital heart defect1.85 [0.73, 4.67]-1 study2,93526not evaluable ROB-
Syndactyly--0 study-

Growth parameters and prematurity
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
Preterm (< 37 weeks)1.19 [1.09, 1.30]6%7 studies157,65022,802not evaluable ROB1.66 [1.39; .]
Low birth weight (< 2500g)1.58 [1.34, 1.87]0%3 studies38,2301,453not evaluable ROB2.54 [2.00; .]
Small for gestational age (weight)1.10 [1.05, 1.15]0%3 studies238,06217,895not evaluable ROB1.43 [1.26; .]
Large for gestational age (weight)1.09 [0.71, 1.67]0%2 studies9,747296not evaluable ROB-
Large for gestational age (length)0.82 [0.44, 1.53]-1 studynot evaluable ROB-
Large head circumference for gestational age0.51 [0.28, 0.93]-1 studynot evaluable ROB3.33 [.; 1.36]
Small for gestational age (length)1.06 [0.63, 1.78]-1 studynot evaluable ROB-

Maternal consequences
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
Caesarean1.02 [0.89, 1.17]6%4 studies141,8411,443not evaluable ROB-
Postpartum hemorrhage1.27 [1.08, 1.49]0%3 studies30,2762,108not evaluable ROB1.85 [1.37; .]
Assisted deliveries (forceps, vacuum, ...)0.82 [0.49, 1.36]0%2 studies46,041296not evaluable ROB-
Preeclampsia1.01 [0.83, 1.23]0%2 studies4,5221,680not evaluable ROB-
Maternal consequences (as a whole)1.01 [0.62, 1.64]-1 study311,15181not evaluable ROB-
Gestational diabetes1.11 [0.95, 1.29]-1 study20,9052,243not evaluable ROB-

Neonatal disorders
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
Low Apgar score (< 7) (at 5 min)1.79 [1.28, 2.48]67%5 studies34,49817,334not evaluable ROB2.97 [1.89; .]
Neonatal medical care2.02 [1.53, 2.66]53%5 studies8,7821,569not evaluable ROB3.45 [2.44; .]
Withdrawal syndrome / Neonatal abstinence syndrome / Poor neonatal adaptation5.02 [2.41, 10.45]76%3 studies66011,215not evaluable ROB9.50 [4.25; .]
Low Apgar score (< 7) (at 1 min)2.59 [1.82, 3.69]0%2 studies14,892296not evaluable ROB4.63 [3.05; .]
Neonatal death (< 28 days of life)4.58 [0.28, 73.96]-1 study62781not evaluable ROB-
Neonatal disorders (as a whole)1.95 [1.16, 3.29]64%2 studies161,510144not evaluable ROB3.31 [1.58; .]
Persistent pulmonary hypertension2.38 [1.30, 4.34]0%2 studies1,9483,679not evaluable ROB4.19 [1.93; .]
Fetal distress1.40 [1.20, 1.63]-1 study12,8781,136not evaluable ROB2.15 [1.69; .]
Jaundice / Icterus0.91 [0.61, 1.34]-1 study118385not evaluable ROB-
Neonatal tachypnea1.51 [0.95, 2.39]-1 study83385not evaluable ROB-

Long term consequences
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
Child/Infant death (> 28 days of life)3.53 [0.20, 63.43]77%2 studies1,20281not evaluable ROB-

Intrauterine deaths
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
Early intrauterine deaths (< 22 weeks) / Spontaneous abortions1.29 [1.21, 1.37]0%6 studies23,24510,142not evaluable ROB1.90 [1.72; .]
Late intrauterine deaths (> 22 weeks) / Stillbirths1.00 [0.49, 2.04]0%2 studies6221,289not evaluable ROB-
Ectopic pregnancy1.00 [0.56, 1.78]-1 study1,4951,012not evaluable ROB-
Intrauterine deaths (as a whole or unspecified)1.17 [0.92, 1.48]0%2 studies24,7021,049not evaluable ROB-
Therapeutic terminations of pregnancy5.08 [0.24, 106.79]-1 study2132not evaluable ROB-
Elective/induced termination of pregnancy5.99 [0.23, 153.53]-1 study142not evaluable ROB-
Perinatal death3.25 [1.01, 10.46]-1 study215not evaluable ROB5.95 [1.11; .]

Neuro-developmental disorders
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
ASD (Autism spectrum disorder): Diagnosis1.55 [1.31, 1.84]0%6 studies1,54820,541not evaluable ROB2.48 [1.94; .]
ASD (Autism spectrum disorder): Diagnosis/Risk1.55 [1.31, 1.84]0%6 studies1,54820,541not evaluable ROB2.48 [1.94; .]
ADHD (Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder): Diagnosis1.03 [0.85, 1.25]0%3 studies59718,723not evaluable ROB-
ADHD (Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder): Diagnosis/Risk1.03 [0.85, 1.25]0%3 studies59718,723not evaluable ROB-
Cognitive developmental disorders/delay (3-6 years old)1.26 [0.41, 3.85]-1 study9,050not evaluable ROB-
ADHD (Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder): Risk0.59 [0.37, 0.95]-1 study128not evaluable ROB2.78 [.; 1.30]
Language disorders/delay1.10 [0.90, 1.34]-1 study67113,797not evaluable ROB-
Learning disorders 1.64 [0.65, 4.11]-1 study9,050not evaluable ROB-
Neuro-developmental disorders (as a whole)1.06 [0.91, 1.23]-1 study1,37513,797not evaluable ROB-
Psychomotor developmental disorders/delay1.39 [0.82, 2.36]-1 study10413,797not evaluable ROB-
Severe cognitive developmental delay (Mental retardation) (3-6 years old)1.26 [0.41, 3.85]-1 study9,050not evaluable ROB-
Cognitive developmental disorders/delay (> 6 years old)0.59 [0.29, 1.20]-1 study4,620not evaluable ROB-
Severe cognitive developmental delay (Mental retardation) (> 6 years old)0.59 [0.29, 1.20]-1 study4,620not evaluable ROB-

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