Calcium channel blockers (versus unexposed)

Table   Graphic     exposition period:

Congenital malformations
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
All congenital malformations (majors, minors, majors and minors, or unspecified)1.44 [1.07, 1.93]0%8 studies32,739570not evaluable ROB2.23 [1.34; .]
Major congenital malformations1.48 [1.09, 2.02]0%8 studies32,713569not evaluable ROB2.32 [1.39; .]
Congenital heart defects1.42 [0.87, 2.30]0%3 studies17,130304not evaluable ROB-
Hypospadias1.29 [0.61, 2.71]0%2 studies5,16365not evaluable ROB-
Oesophageal atresia with or without tracheo-oesophageal fistula1.34 [0.26, 6.93]0%2 studies87264not evaluable ROB-
Atresia or stenosis of other parts of small intestine9.15 [3.26, 25.70]0%2 studies57870not evaluable ROB17.78 [5.97; .]
Atrial septal defect2.18 [0.73, 6.51]-1 study18not evaluable ROB-
Cleft palate1.10 [0.34, 3.53]0%2 studies2,03766not evaluable ROB-
Genital anomalies1.30 [0.12, 14.48]-1 study555not evaluable ROB-
Hydrocephaly1.71 [0.33, 8.99]0%2 studies74764not evaluable ROB-
Hypoplastic left heart (HLH/HLHS)5.21 [1.09, 25.00]-1 study14not evaluable ROB9.89 [1.39; .]
Pulmonary valve stenosis1.99 [0.52, 7.66]-1 studynot evaluable ROB-
Spina bifida0.65 [0.09, 4.96]-1 study1,15815not evaluable ROB-
Ventricular septal defect2.95 [0.83, 10.49]-1 studynot evaluable ROB-
Ano-rectal atresia and stenosis0.97 [0.13, 7.37]-1 study78015not evaluable ROB-
Anotia1.21 [0.16, 9.20]-1 study62515not evaluable ROB-
Cleft lip with or without cleft palate2.20 [0.79, 6.12]-1 study1,36853not evaluable ROB-
Club foot / Talipes equinovarus0.32 [0.04, 2.33]-1 study2,41950not evaluable ROB-
Coarctation of aorta0.91 [0.05, 16.16]-1 study4066not evaluable ROB-
Congenital constriction bands/amniotic band1.19 [0.07, 19.96]-1 study30714not evaluable ROB-
Craniosynostosis0.26 [0.02, 4.35]-1 study1,40514not evaluable ROB-
Diaphragmatic hernia1.97 [0.45, 8.70]-1 study76616not evaluable ROB-
Ear malformations2.40 [0.32, 18.23]-1 study35150not evaluable ROB-
Ebstein's anomaly5.71 [0.32, 102.47]-1 study656not evaluable ROB-
Encephalocele1.82 [0.11, 30.54]-1 study20114not evaluable ROB-
Gastroschisis0.28 [0.02, 4.61]-1 study1,32414not evaluable ROB-
Limb defects2.12 [0.35, 12.79]-1 study5228not evaluable ROB-
Limb reduction defects (LRD)1.40 [0.20, 9.90]-1 study54550not evaluable ROB-
Neural Tube Defects2.10 [0.63, 6.96]-1 study1,19152not evaluable ROB-
Polydactyly0.50 [0.08, 3.08]-1 study1,73050not evaluable ROB-

Growth parameters and prematurity
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
Preterm (< 37 weeks)2.08 [1.23, 3.53]83%6 studies1,190938not evaluable ROB3.58 [1.76; .]
Small for gestational age (weight)1.17 [0.81, 1.70]23%6 studies8,941564not evaluable ROB-
Low birth weight (< 2500g)1.20 [0.80, 1.79]59%4 studies1,069647not evaluable ROB-
Very low birth weight (< 1500g)1.20 [0.48, 2.99]-1 study20129not evaluable ROB-
Very preterm (28 to 32 weeks)1.60 [0.79, 3.25]-1 study33129not evaluable ROB-

Maternal consequences
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
Caesarean0.99 [0.56, 1.76]32%3 studies210214not evaluable ROB-
Assisted deliveries (forceps, vacuum, ...)1.90 [0.46, 7.85]28%2 studies1686not evaluable ROB-
Preeclampsia0.79 [0.42, 1.48]0%2 studies12262not evaluable ROB-
Gestational diabetes0.29 [0.08, 1.02]-1 study2748not evaluable ROB-

Neonatal disorders
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
Neonatal medical care1.38 [0.71, 2.70]0%2 studies42169not evaluable ROB-
Fetal distress--0 study-
Low Apgar score (< 7) (at 5 min)0.35 [0.01, 18.56]-1 study39not evaluable ROB-
Neonatal death (< 28 days of life)0.98 [0.14, 7.04]-1 study4132not evaluable ROB-
Infant health status 6.49 [0.34, 122.60]-1 study494not evaluable ROB-
Jaundice / Icterus0.45 [0.10, 2.02]-1 study1214not evaluable ROB-
Low Apgar score (< 7) (at 1 min)0.50 [0.07, 3.36]-1 study539not evaluable ROB-
Neonatal disorders (as a whole)0.57 [0.26, 1.25]-1 study4051not evaluable ROB-
Neonatal hypoglycemia4.00 [1.06, 15.08]-1 study2839not evaluable ROB7.46 [1.32; .]
Very low Apgar score (< 5) (at 1 min)1.85 [0.08, 41.05]-1 study239not evaluable ROB-

Long term consequences
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
Child/Infant death (> 28 days of life)0.23 [0.01, 5.65]-1 study194not evaluable ROB-
Child/Infant lenght abnormalities (> 1 year)0.38 [0.13, 1.09]-1 study1694not evaluable ROB-
Child/Infant weight abnormalities (> 1 year)1.28 [0.53, 3.10]-1 study2594not evaluable ROB-

Intrauterine deaths
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
Early intrauterine death (< 22 weeks)1.06 [0.12, 9.51]59%2 studies100400not evaluable ROB-
Intrauterine deaths (as a whole or unspecified)2.13 [0.89, 5.10]-1 study2681not evaluable ROB-
Late intrauterine deaths (> 22 weeks)2.48 [0.99, 6.24]0%2 studies17400not evaluable ROB-
Therapeutic terminations of pregnancy1.17 [0.38, 3.61]0%2 studies13213not evaluable ROB-
Elective/induced termination of pregnancy2.99 [1.78, 5.04]-1 study61299not evaluable ROB5.43 [2.95; .]
Perinatal death5.13 [0.24, 108.52]-1 study281not evaluable ROB-

Neuro-developmental disorders
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
Language disorders/delay1.27 [0.41, 3.98]-1 study1494not evaluable ROB-
Psychomotor developmental disorders/delay0.92 [0.20, 4.25]-1 study794not evaluable ROB-

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