Calcium channel blockers (versus unexposed)

Table   Graphic     exposition period:

Congenital malformations
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
All congenital malformations (majors, minors, majors and minors, or unspecified)1.44 [1.07, 1.93]0%8 studies32,739570not evaluable ROB2.23 [1.34; .]
Major congenital malformations1.48 [1.09, 2.02]0%8 studies32,713569not evaluable ROB2.32 [1.39; .]
Congenital heart defects1.42 [0.87, 2.30]0%3 studies17,130304not evaluable ROB-
Hypospadias1.29 [0.61, 2.71]0%2 studies5,16365not evaluable ROB-
Atresia or stenosis of other parts of small intestine9.15 [3.26, 25.70]0%2 studies57849not evaluable ROB17.78 [5.97; .]
Atrial septal defect2.18 [0.73, 6.51]-1 study18not evaluable ROB-
Genital anomalies1.30 [0.12, 14.48]-1 study555not evaluable ROB-
Hypoplastic left heart (HLH/HLHS)5.21 [1.09, 25.00]-1 study14not evaluable ROB9.89 [1.39; .]
Oesophageal atresia with or without tracheo-oesophageal fistula1.80 [0.11, 29.32]-1 study21449not evaluable ROB-
Pulmonary valve stenosis1.99 [0.52, 7.66]-1 studynot evaluable ROB-
Ventricular septal defect2.95 [0.83, 10.49]-1 studynot evaluable ROB-
Cleft lip with or without cleft palate2.20 [0.79, 6.12]-1 study1,36853not evaluable ROB-
Cleft palate1.20 [0.18, 8.05]-1 study59650not evaluable ROB-
Club foot / Talipes equinovarus0.32 [0.04, 2.33]-1 study2,41950not evaluable ROB-
Coarctation of aorta0.91 [0.05, 16.16]-1 study4066not evaluable ROB-
Ear malformations2.40 [0.32, 18.23]-1 study35150not evaluable ROB-
Ebstein's anomaly5.71 [0.32, 102.47]-1 study656not evaluable ROB-
Hydrocephaly2.50 [0.32, 19.42]-1 study31150not evaluable ROB-
Limb defects2.12 [0.35, 12.79]-1 study5228not evaluable ROB-
Limb reduction defects (LRD)1.40 [0.20, 9.90]-1 study54550not evaluable ROB-
Neural Tube Defects2.10 [0.63, 6.96]-1 study1,19152not evaluable ROB-
Polydactyly0.50 [0.08, 3.08]-1 study1,73050not evaluable ROB-

Growth parameters and prematurity
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
Preterm (< 37 weeks)2.50 [1.79, 3.51]78%7 studies1,8091,188not evaluable ROB4.44 [2.97; .]
Small for gestational age (weight)1.31 [0.94, 1.82]30%7 studies9,229853not evaluable ROB-
Low birth weight (< 2500g)1.56 [0.80, 3.03]90%4 studies992605not evaluable ROB-
Very preterm (28 to 32 weeks)2.67 [1.60, 4.44]-1 study220256not evaluable ROB4.77 [2.58; .]

Maternal consequences
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
Caesarean2.35 [1.51, 3.68]30%3 studies61307not evaluable ROB4.14 [2.38; .]
Preeclampsia1.10 [0.66, 1.83]42%3 studies1,004351not evaluable ROB-
Assisted deliveries (forceps, vacuum, ...)1.90 [0.46, 7.85]28%2 studies1686not evaluable ROB-
Gestational diabetes0.29 [0.08, 1.02]-1 study2748not evaluable ROB-

Neonatal disorders
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
Neonatal medical care1.06 [0.41, 2.73]-1 study2346not evaluable ROB-
Fetal distress--0 study-
Low Apgar score (< 7) (at 5 min)0.35 [0.01, 18.56]-1 study39not evaluable ROB-
Jaundice / Icterus0.45 [0.10, 2.02]-1 study1214not evaluable ROB-
Low Apgar score (< 7) (at 1 min)0.50 [0.07, 3.36]-1 study539not evaluable ROB-
Low Apgar score (< 7) (NOS)1.95 [1.55, 2.46]-1 study88not evaluable ROB3.31 [2.47; .]
Neonatal disorders (as a whole)0.57 [0.26, 1.25]-1 study4051not evaluable ROB-
Neonatal hypoglycemia4.00 [1.06, 15.08]-1 study2839not evaluable ROB7.46 [1.32; .]
Very low Apgar score (< 5) (at 1 min)1.85 [0.08, 41.05]-1 study239not evaluable ROB-

Long term consequences
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value

Intrauterine deaths
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
Late intrauterine deaths (> 22 weeks)0.92 [0.10, 8.85]90%2 studies842,220not evaluable ROB-
Early intrauterine death (< 22 weeks)2.21 [1.39, 3.51]-1 study98268not evaluable ROB3.85 [2.13; .]
Intrauterine deaths (as a whole or unspecified)2.13 [0.89, 5.10]-1 study2681not evaluable ROB-
Therapeutic terminations of pregnancy1.22 [0.36, 4.16]-1 study1181not evaluable ROB-
Elective/induced termination of pregnancy2.99 [1.78, 5.04]-1 study61299not evaluable ROB5.43 [2.95; .]
Perinatal death5.13 [0.24, 108.52]-1 study281not evaluable ROB-

Neuro-developmental disorders
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value

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