Beta-blockers (All routes except ocular) (versus unexposed) updated on 12-17-2024

Table   Graphic     exposition period:

Congenital malformations
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
All congenital malformations (majors, minors, majors and minors, or unspecified)1.16 [0.99, 1.35]0%7 studies9,1173,875not evaluable ROB-
Congenital heart defects1.28 [0.95, 1.72]74%8 studies53,9077,098not evaluable ROB-
Major congenital malformations1.16 [0.99, 1.35]0%7 studies9,1173,875not evaluable ROB-
Atrial septal defect1.34 [0.93, 1.92]48%3 studies9,7252,859not evaluable ROB-
Oro-facial clefts1.74 [0.72, 4.17]0%3 studies1723,324not evaluable ROB-
Cleft palate1.47 [0.92, 2.33]2%3 studies4,055274not evaluable ROB-
Coarctation of aorta1.72 [0.87, 3.40]0%2 studies2232,677not evaluable ROB-
Genital anomalies1.74 [0.72, 4.22]0%2 studies4101,189not evaluable ROB-
Limb defects1.99 [0.92, 4.28]0%3 studies4831,189not evaluable ROB-
Ventricular septal defect1.83 [0.41, 8.12]89%2 studies2,7812,628not evaluable ROB-
Atresia or stenosis of other parts of small intestine2.45 [1.17, 5.13]0%2 studies852not evaluable ROB4.33 [1.60; .]
Cleft lip with or without cleft palate2.08 [0.56, 7.72]84%2 studies5,006198not evaluable ROB-
Diaphragmatic hernia1.37 [0.65, 2.89]0%2 studies1,664not evaluable ROB-
Digestive system anomalies2.10 [0.36, 12.23]37%2 studies199974not evaluable ROB-
Hydrocephaly0.88 [0.40, 1.91]0%2 studies2,420not evaluable ROB-
Hypospadias1.32 [0.60, 2.90]77%2 studies10,30249not evaluable ROB-
Nervous system anomalies1.21 [0.58, 2.52]0%2 studies3892,642not evaluable ROB-
Neural Tube Defects1.84 [0.23, 14.52]82%2 studies5,096158not evaluable ROB-
Oesophageal atresia with or without tracheo-oesophageal fistula1.20 [0.50, 2.85]0%2 studies1,411not evaluable ROB-
Pulmonary valve stenosis2.05 [1.08, 3.89]-1 studynot evaluable ROB3.52 [1.38; .]
Urinary malformations2.48 [1.40, 4.40]-1 study841974not evaluable ROB4.40 [2.15; .]
Congenital constriction bands/amniotic band24.20 [2.57, 228.04]-1 study1065not evaluable ROB47.89 [4.57; .]
Minor congenital malformations--0 study-
Multicystic renal dysplasia2.50 [1.26, 4.95]-1 study1,334not evaluable ROB4.44 [1.84; .]
Vascular disruption anomalie--0 study-
22 non statistically significant endpoints reported in only one study

Growth parameters and prematurity
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
Small for gestational age (weight)2.02 [1.68, 2.43]79%26 studies153,52812,867low ROB3.46 [2.75; .]
Preterm (< 37 weeks)1.78 [1.49, 2.13]80%17 studies126,9177,825low ROB2.96 [2.34; .]
Low birth weight (< 2500g)2.24 [1.48, 3.40]97%8 studies31,5877,133not evaluable ROB3.91 [2.32; .]
Very preterm (28 to 32 weeks)1.81 [1.27, 2.59]24%3 studies9242,392not evaluable ROB3.02 [1.84; .]
Extremely preterm (< 28 weeks)3.37 [1.04, 10.95]-1 study208414not evaluable ROB6.20 [1.24; .]
Very low birth weight (< 1500g)6.89 [6.09, 7.79]-1 study3,7324,847not evaluable ROB13.25 [11.65; .]
1 non statistically significant endpoints reported in only one study

Maternal consequences
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
Caesarean2.19 [1.91, 2.51]67%15 studies123,0428,469probable ROB3.80 [3.23; .]
Preeclampsia1.54 [0.79, 3.00]95%7 studies4,8067,323not evaluable ROB-
Assisted deliveries (forceps, vacuum, ...)0.82 [0.70, 0.95]6%5 studies23,7155,961not evaluable ROB1.75 [.; 1.27]
Abruptio placentae (retroplacental hematoma)0.29 [0.14, 0.61]0%2 studies41178not evaluable ROB6.36 [.; 2.66]
2 non statistically significant endpoints reported in only one study

Neonatal disorders
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
Neonatal hypoglycemia1.77 [1.43, 2.19]16%9 studies2,43211,443not evaluable ROB2.93 [2.21; .]
Low Apgar score (< 7) (at 5 min)2.33 [1.47, 3.67]7%7 studies4,1765,295serious ROB4.08 [2.31; .]
Neonatal medical care1.94 [1.31, 2.88]27%5 studies619979serious ROB3.30 [1.95; .]
Low Apgar score (< 7) (at 1 min)2.38 [2.16, 2.61]0%5 studies23,0575,160not evaluable ROB4.18 [3.75; .]
Neonatal bradycardia1.94 [1.06, 3.55]49%5 studies62411,026serious ROB3.28 [1.30; .]
Fetal distress3.86 [0.96, 15.42]21%3 studies2456not evaluable ROB-
Low Apgar score (< 7) (NOS)0.97 [0.40, 2.33]60%3 studies32795not evaluable ROB-
Neonatal death (< 28 days of life)1.45 [0.56, 3.81]0%3 studies18178not evaluable ROB-
Neonatal disorders (as a whole)1.93 [1.02, 3.62]37%3 studies161428not evaluable ROB3.26 [1.18; .]
Jaundice / Icterus2.85 [1.60, 5.08]0%2 studies68156not evaluable ROB5.15 [2.58; .]
Neonatal hypotension8.24 [2.61, 26.04]0%2 studies27135not evaluable ROB15.97 [4.66; .]
Very low Apgar score (< 5) (at 1 min)1.25 [0.48, 3.23]0%2 studies19126not evaluable ROB-
Low Apgar score (< 7) (at 10 min)2.50 [1.86, 3.36]-1 study1,4764,847not evaluable ROB4.43 [3.13; .]
3 non statistically significant endpoints reported in only one study

Long term consequences
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
1 non statistically significant endpoints reported in only one study

Intrauterine deaths
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
Late intrauterine deaths (> 22 weeks)1.70 [0.81, 3.57]49%7 studies4634,206not evaluable ROB-
Perinatal death1.84 [1.28, 2.63]0%5 studies7,5183,026not evaluable ROB3.08 [1.89; .]
Early intrauterine death (< 22 weeks)0.89 [0.56, 1.41]48%4 studies9,0932,244not evaluable ROB-
Intrauterine deaths (as a whole or unspecified)1.36 [0.42, 4.37]65%2 studies10,147950not evaluable ROB-
2 non statistically significant endpoints reported in only one study

Neuro-developmental disorders
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
2 non statistically significant endpoints reported in only one study

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