Beta-blockers (All routes except ocular) (versus unexposed) updated on 12-17-2024

Table   Graphic     exposition period:

Congenital malformations
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
All congenital malformations (majors, minors, majors and minors, or unspecified)1.16 [0.99, 1.35]0%7 studies9,1173,875not evaluable ROB-
Congenital heart defects1.28 [0.95, 1.72]74%8 studies53,9077,098not evaluable ROB-
Major congenital malformations1.16 [0.99, 1.35]0%7 studies9,1173,875not evaluable ROB-
Atrial septal defect1.34 [0.93, 1.92]48%3 studies9,7252,859not evaluable ROB-
Oro-facial clefts1.74 [0.72, 4.17]0%3 studies1723,324not evaluable ROB-
Cleft palate1.47 [0.92, 2.33]2%3 studies4,055274not evaluable ROB-
Coarctation of aorta1.72 [0.87, 3.40]0%2 studies2232,677not evaluable ROB-
Genital anomalies1.74 [0.72, 4.22]0%2 studies4101,189not evaluable ROB-
Limb defects1.99 [0.92, 4.28]0%3 studies4831,189not evaluable ROB-
Ventricular septal defect1.83 [0.41, 8.12]89%2 studies2,7812,628not evaluable ROB-
Atresia or stenosis of other parts of small intestine2.45 [1.17, 5.13]0%2 studies852not evaluable ROB4.33 [1.60; .]
Chromosomal abnormalities0.66 [0.17, 2.67]-1 study514974not evaluable ROB-
Cleft lip with or without cleft palate2.08 [0.56, 7.72]84%2 studies5,006198not evaluable ROB-
Diaphragmatic hernia1.37 [0.65, 2.89]0%2 studies1,664not evaluable ROB-
Digestive system anomalies2.10 [0.36, 12.23]37%2 studies199974not evaluable ROB-
Ear, face and neck anomalies1.59 [0.10, 25.79]-1 study53974not evaluable ROB-
Eye defects0.69 [0.04, 11.08]-1 study123974not evaluable ROB-
Hydrocephaly0.88 [0.40, 1.91]0%2 studies2,420not evaluable ROB-
Hypoplastic left heart (HLH/HLHS)0.92 [0.27, 3.16]-1 study44not evaluable ROB-
Hypospadias1.32 [0.60, 2.90]77%2 studies10,30249not evaluable ROB-
Nervous system anomalies1.21 [0.58, 2.52]0%2 studies3892,642not evaluable ROB-
Neural Tube Defects1.84 [0.23, 14.52]82%2 studies5,096158not evaluable ROB-
Oesophageal atresia with or without tracheo-oesophageal fistula1.20 [0.50, 2.85]0%2 studies1,411not evaluable ROB-
Pulmonary valve stenosis2.05 [1.08, 3.89]-1 studynot evaluable ROB3.52 [1.38; .]
Respiratory system anomalies4.06 [0.56, 29.50]-1 study43974not evaluable ROB-
Spina bifida1.00 [0.39, 2.55]-1 study1,164not evaluable ROB-
Total anomalous pulm venous return4.21 [0.92, 19.30]-1 study43not evaluable ROB-
Urinary malformations2.48 [1.40, 4.40]-1 study841974not evaluable ROB4.40 [2.15; .]
Abdominal wall defects1.22 [0.08, 19.79]-1 study69974not evaluable ROB-
Ano-rectal atresia and stenosis0.80 [0.28, 2.31]-1 study784not evaluable ROB-
Anotia1.30 [0.43, 3.95]-1 study628not evaluable ROB-
Club foot / Talipes equinovarus1.00 [0.56, 1.78]-1 study4,413not evaluable ROB-
Congenital constriction bands/amniotic band24.20 [2.57, 228.04]-1 study1065not evaluable ROB47.89 [4.57; .]
Congenital hydronephrosis0.70 [0.34, 1.46]-1 study4,993not evaluable ROB-
Craniosynostosis1.00 [0.40, 2.50]-1 study1,412not evaluable ROB-
Ebstein's anomaly8.10 [0.47, 139.00]-1 study6511not evaluable ROB-
Gastroschisis0.50 [0.13, 1.94]-1 study1,327not evaluable ROB-
Hip dislocation and/or dysplasia0.60 [0.29, 1.25]-1 study4,670not evaluable ROB-
Limb reduction defects (LRD)0.60 [0.19, 1.85]-1 study1,832not evaluable ROB-
Microcephaly / Small head circumference for gestational age2.00 [0.79, 5.05]-1 study957not evaluable ROB-
Minor congenital malformations--0 study-
Multicystic renal dysplasia2.50 [1.26, 4.95]-1 study1,334not evaluable ROB4.44 [1.84; .]
Patent ductus arterious1.00 [0.76, 1.32]-1 study4,1792,628not evaluable ROB-
Polydactyly0.50 [0.21, 1.17]-1 study3,717not evaluable ROB-
Single ventricle1.30 [0.42, 4.06]-1 study1712,628not evaluable ROB-
Syndactyly0.60 [0.19, 1.85]-1 study1,784not evaluable ROB-
Vascular disruption anomalie--0 study-

Growth parameters and prematurity
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
Small for gestational age (weight)2.02 [1.68, 2.43]79%26 studies153,52812,867low ROB3.46 [2.75; .]
Preterm (< 37 weeks)1.78 [1.49, 2.13]80%17 studies126,9177,825low ROB2.96 [2.34; .]
Low birth weight (< 2500g)2.24 [1.48, 3.40]97%8 studies31,5877,133not evaluable ROB3.91 [2.32; .]
Very preterm (28 to 32 weeks)1.81 [1.27, 2.59]24%3 studies9242,392not evaluable ROB3.02 [1.84; .]
Extremely preterm (< 28 weeks)3.37 [1.04, 10.95]-1 study208414not evaluable ROB6.20 [1.24; .]
Large for gestational age (weight)1.85 [0.61, 5.65]-1 study14153not evaluable ROB-
Very low birth weight (< 1500g)6.89 [6.09, 7.79]-1 study3,7324,847not evaluable ROB13.25 [11.65; .]

Maternal consequences
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
Caesarean2.19 [1.91, 2.51]67%15 studies123,0428,469probable ROB3.80 [3.23; .]
Preeclampsia1.54 [0.79, 3.00]95%7 studies4,8067,323not evaluable ROB-
Assisted deliveries (forceps, vacuum, ...)0.82 [0.70, 0.95]6%5 studies23,7155,961not evaluable ROB1.75 [.; 1.27]
Abruptio placentae (retroplacental hematoma)0.29 [0.14, 0.61]0%2 studies41178not evaluable ROB6.36 [.; 2.66]
Postpartum hemorrhage0.80 [0.16, 4.12]-1 study851not evaluable ROB-
Maternal death0.99 [0.02, 50.39]-1 study127not evaluable ROB-

Neonatal disorders
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
Neonatal hypoglycemia1.77 [1.43, 2.19]16%9 studies2,43211,443not evaluable ROB2.93 [2.21; .]
Low Apgar score (< 7) (at 5 min)2.33 [1.47, 3.67]7%7 studies4,1765,295serious ROB4.08 [2.31; .]
Neonatal medical care1.94 [1.31, 2.88]27%5 studies619979serious ROB3.30 [1.95; .]
Low Apgar score (< 7) (at 1 min)2.38 [2.16, 2.61]0%5 studies23,0575,160not evaluable ROB4.18 [3.75; .]
Neonatal bradycardia1.94 [1.06, 3.55]49%5 studies62411,026serious ROB3.28 [1.30; .]
Fetal distress3.86 [0.96, 15.42]21%3 studies2456not evaluable ROB-
Low Apgar score (< 7) (NOS)0.97 [0.40, 2.33]60%3 studies32795not evaluable ROB-
Neonatal death (< 28 days of life)1.45 [0.56, 3.81]0%3 studies18178not evaluable ROB-
Neonatal disorders (as a whole)1.93 [1.02, 3.62]37%3 studies161428not evaluable ROB3.26 [1.18; .]
Feeding difficulty3.02 [0.12, 74.72]-1 study1153not evaluable ROB-
Jaundice / Icterus2.85 [1.60, 5.08]0%2 studies68156not evaluable ROB5.15 [2.58; .]
Neonatal hypotension8.24 [2.61, 26.04]0%2 studies27135not evaluable ROB15.97 [4.66; .]
Neonatal intracranial hemorrhage1.00 [0.13, 7.81]-1 study422not evaluable ROB-
Very low Apgar score (< 5) (at 1 min)1.25 [0.48, 3.23]0%2 studies19126not evaluable ROB-
Low Apgar score (< 7) (at 10 min)2.50 [1.86, 3.36]-1 study1,4764,847not evaluable ROB4.43 [3.13; .]
Neonatal tachypnea9.80 [0.44, 219.26]-1 study311not evaluable ROB-

Long term consequences
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
Child/Infant death (> 28 days of life)0.69 [0.07, 6.78]-1 study513not evaluable ROB-

Intrauterine deaths
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
Late intrauterine deaths (> 22 weeks)1.70 [0.81, 3.57]49%7 studies4634,206not evaluable ROB-
Perinatal death1.84 [1.28, 2.63]0%5 studies7,5183,026not evaluable ROB3.08 [1.89; .]
Early intrauterine death (< 22 weeks)0.89 [0.56, 1.41]48%4 studies9,0932,244not evaluable ROB-
Intrauterine deaths (as a whole or unspecified)1.36 [0.42, 4.37]65%2 studies10,147950not evaluable ROB-
Elective/induced termination of pregnancy0.80 [0.40, 1.60]-1 study47339not evaluable ROB-
Therapeutic terminations of pregnancy1.11 [0.61, 2.02]-1 study9511,813not evaluable ROB-

Neuro-developmental disorders
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
Cognitive developmental disorders/delay (3-6 years old)1.50 [0.65, 3.47]-1 study32not evaluable ROB-
Language disorders/delay0.85 [0.37, 1.96]-1 study32not evaluable ROB-

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